Alternative currencies

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 47. Chapters: Community currencies, Private currencies, Local currency, Local Exchange Trading Systems, Ithaca Hours, Silvio Gesell, Freiwirtschaft, UIC franc, Freigeld, Liberty Dollar, Findhorn Ecovillage, Stelo, History of Chatham Islands numismatics, Emissions Reduction Currency System, Private currency, List of community currencies in the United States, Cornish currency, Community Exchange System, Complementary currency, BerkShares, RAAM, Digital currency exchanger, Time-based currency, Antarctican dollar, Potomac, Quasi Universal Intergalactic Denomination, Crédito, Chiemgauer, Disney dollar, Lewes Pound, WIR Bank, Neutral Unit of Construction, Terra, Kelantanese dinar, Totnes pound, Ecosimia, Eco-Pesa, PLENTY, Detroit Community Scrip, Hero Card, Toronto dollar, Stroud pound, Calgary Dollar, Fourth Corner Exchange, Fureai kippu, Occitan, Eco-Money, Multi registry system, Abeille, SOL Project, Acmetal, Saber, Urstromtaler, Nagorno-Karabakh dram, Instrodi, Flex dollar, Seborga luigino, Ora, Ural franc, Sectoral currency, Uned, Aspen dollar. Excerpt: The Liberty Dollar (ALD) was a private currency produced in the United States. The currency was embodied in minted metal rounds similar to coins, gold and silver certificates and electronic currency (eLD). ALD certificates are "warehouse receipts" for real gold and silver owned by the bearer, ALD certificate holders according to court documents are about 250,000 people. The metal was warehoused at Sunshine Minting in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, prior to a November 2007 raid by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Secret Service. Until July 2009, the Liberty Dollar was distributed by Liberty Services (formerly known as NORFED), based in Evansville, Indiana. It was created by Bernard von NotHaus, the co-founder of the Royal Hawaiian Mint Company. In May 2009, von NotHaus and others were charged with federal crimes in connection with the Liberty Dollar and, on July 31, 2009, von NotHaus announced that he had closed the Liberty Dollar operation, pending resolution of the criminal charges. On March 18, 2011, von NotHaus was found guilty on various counts, including the making of counterfeit coins. From 1998 to July 2009, Liberty Services exchanged Federal Reserve Notes (US dollars) for silver Liberty Dollars (and later gold and copper). Liberty Services' original name was "National Organization for the Repeal of the Federal Reserve and the Internal Revenue Code" (NORFED). Since its founding, the organization has asserted that the Federal Reserve is unconstitutional and harmful. The company is now in a series of legal battles both defending their exchange service and challenging exclusivity assertions made by the US Mint (see Legal issues). A number of alternative currencies exist in the United States, including Phoenix Dollars, Balimore's BNote,Ithaca Hours, Bitcoin and digital gold currency. Unlike some other alternative currencies, both Liberty Dollars and Phoenix Dollars are denominated by weight and backed by a commodity. Phoenix Dollars are silver, while Libe