American cryptographers

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 27. Chapters: Ron Rivest, Ralph Merkle, Martin and Mitchell Defection, William F. Friedman, James Harris Simons, Rosario Candela, Whitfield Diffie, Joseph Rochefort, Martin Hellman, Arthur Levenson, Solomon Kullback, Daniel King, Landon Curt Noll, Edward Hebern, Taher Elgamal, Edward Scheidt, Agnes Meyer Driscoll, Frank W. Lewis, David Brumley, Edward H. Deets, George Blakley, Frank Rowlett, Rafail Ostrovsky, Charles Rackoff, Michael Luby, James Massey, Paul Kocher, Lowell Frazer, Joseph Finnegan, Lambros D. Callimahos, Richard Schroeppel, Tex Biard, Kristin Lauter, Peter Montgomery, George Davida, Kevin McCurley, Gregory G. Rose, Burt Kaliski, Edna Grossman, Richard Leibler, Phillip Rogaway, Chris Hall. Excerpt: The Martin and Mitchell Defection occurred in September 1960 when two National Security Agency (NSA) cryptologists, William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, defected to the Soviet Union. A secret 1963 NSA study said that "Beyond any doubt, no other event has had, or is likely to have in the future, a greater impact on the Agency's security program." Martin and Mitchell met while serving in the U.S. Navy in Japan in the early 1950s and both joined the NSA on the same day in 1957. They defected together to the Soviet Union in 1960, and at a Moscow press conference they revealed and denounced various U.S. policies, especially provocative incursions into the air space of other nations and spying on America's own allies. Underscoring their apprehension of nuclear war, they said "we would attempt to crawl to the moon if we thought it would lessen the threat of an atomic war." Within days, citing a trusted source, Congressman Francis E. Walter, chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), said Martin and Mitchell were "sex deviates," prompting sensational press coverage. U.S. officials at the National Security Council privately shared their assumption that the two were part of a traitorous homosexual network. Classified NSA investigations, on the other hand, determined the pair had "greatly inflated opinions concerning their intellectual attainments and talents" and had defected to satisfy social aspirations. The House Un-American Activities Committee publicly intimated its interpretation of the relationship between Martin and Mitchell as homosexual and that reading guided the Pentagon's discussion of the defection for decades. William Hamilton Martin (May 27, 1931 - January 17, 1987) was born in Columbus, Georgia. His family soon moved to Washington state where his father was president of the Ellensburg Chamber of Commerce. He graduated from Ellensburg High School after two years. After studies at Central Washington College of Education (now Centr