Benzodiazepines

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 94. Chapters: Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, Diazepam, Long-term effects of benzodiazepines, Lorazepam, Benzodiazepine dependence, Temazepam, Benzodiazepine misuse, Quazepam, Benzodiazepine overdose, Triazolam, Chlordiazepoxide, Bromazepam, Tetrazepam, Prazepam, Oxazepam, Clobazam, Lormetazepam, Clorazepate, Flurazepam, Delorazepam, List of benzodiazepines, Etizolam, Medazepam, Camazepam, Ethyl loflazepate, Ketazolam, Ro5-4864, Ro15-4513, Phenazepam, L-655,708, Metaclazepam, Fludiazepam, Tofisopam, Fosazepam, Gidazepam, Flutoprazepam, Nordazepam, QH-II-66, Pinazepam, Adinazolam, Mexazolam, Ro48-6791, Rilmazafone, Halazepam, Premazepam, Cyprazepam, Tifluadom, Elfazepam, Cinolazepam, Doxefazepam, WAY-267,464, N-Desalkylflurazepam, Flutazolam, Clazolam, Avizafone, Arfendazam, Lofendazam, SH-053-R-CH3-2'F, Fletazepam, Sulazepam, Girisopam, Triflubazam, Lopirazepam, Tibezonium iodide, Uldazepam, Ciclotizolam, Nerisopam, Iclazepam, Remimazolam, Pivoxazepam, Talampanel, Ethyl dirazepate, Ro48-8684, Reclazepam, Climazolam, Demoxepam, Ethyl carfluzepate, Flutemazepam, Ro5-2904, Nortetrazepam, Carburazepam, Tuclazepam, Proflazepam, Tolufazepam, Telenzepine, Flubromazolam. Excerpt: A benzodiazepine ( ; sometimes colloquially "benzo"; often abbreviated "BZD") is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann-La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963. Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which results in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic action. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short-, intermediate- or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety. In general, benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur. Long-term use is controversial due to concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects, increased questioning of effectiveness and because benzodiazepines are prone to cause tolerance, physical dependence, and, upon cessation of use, a withdrawal syndrome. Due to adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines, withdrawal from benzodiazepines, in general, leads to improved physical and mental health. The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short- and long-term adverse effects. There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobeha