Fuel additives

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 48. Chapters: Antiknock agents, Fuel antioxidants, Fuel dyes, Oxygenates, Ethanol, Methanol, Toluene, Ferrocene, Butylated hydroxytoluene, Tetraethyllead, Methyl tert-butyl ether, Acetone, Coumarin, Isopropyl alcohol, Nitromethane, Iron pentacarbonyl, Ethylenediamine, 1,2-Dichloroethane, MTBE controversy, Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, Tetranitromethane, Butyl rubber, Fuel Freedom International, 1,2-Dibromoethane, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, Tert-Butanol, Tricresyl phosphate, Sudan IV, Gasoline additive, 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol, Solvent Yellow 124, Triacetin, Dimethyl methylphosphonate, Tert-Amyl methyl ether, Biobor, Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid, Diisopropyl ether, 2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, Sudan Red 7B, Ecalene, Dry gas, Metal deactivator, Solvent Red 26, Solvent Red 164, Oil Blue 35. Excerpt: Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a powerful psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a solvent, and as a fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol or spirits. Ethanol is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical formula is C2H6O. An alternative notation is CH3-CH2-OH, which indicates that the carbon of a methyl group (CH3-) is attached to the carbon of a methylene group (-CH2-), which is attached to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is a constitutional isomer of dimethyl ether. Ethanol is often abbreviated as EtOH, using the common organic chemistry notation of representing the ethyl group (C2H5) with Et. The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest organic reactions employed by humanity. The intoxicating effects of ethanol consumption have been known since ancient times. In modern times, ethanol intended for industrial use is also produced from by-products of petroleum refining. Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both an essential solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products. It has a long history as a fuel for heat and light, and more recently as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Ethanol is the systematic name defined by the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry for a molecule with two carbon atoms (prefix "eth-"), having a single bond between them (suffix "-ane"), and an attached -OH group (suffix "-ol"). Ethanol has been used by humans since prehistory as the intoxicating ingredient of alcoholic beverages. Dried residue on 9,000-year-old pottery found in China imply that Neolithic people consumed alcoholic