Psychological theories

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 123. Chapters: Learning theory, Egoism, Theory of multiple intelligences, Behaviorism, Psychological resilience, Terror management theory, Mindfulness, Buddhism and psychology, Dialogical self, Grounded theory, Appraisal theory, Object relations theory, Early intervention in psychosis, Bicameralism, Stereotype threat, Raison oblige theory, Face Negotiation Theory, Causes of transsexualism, Cultural schema theory, Birth order, Unconscious Thought Theory, Regulatory focus theory, Social Dominance Theory, Integrative communication theory, Differential susceptibility hypothesis, Equity theory, Shadow, Facial feedback hypothesis, Simulation theory of empathy, True self and false self, Creativity and mental illness, Optimal distinctiveness theory, Self-affirmation, Kübler-Ross model, Gene-environment correlation, Triarchic theory of intelligence, Core relational theme, Gene-environment interaction, Psychological Continuum Model, Somatotype and constitutional psychology, Variability hypothesis, Psychological nativism, Global Workspace Theory, Processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure, Correspondent inference theory, Privacy regulation theory, Cognitivism, Hereditarianism, Multiple Natures, Triangular theory of love, Cyberpsychology, Law of effect, Biosocial theory, Biosocial criminology, Cultural-historical psychology, Diathesis-stress model, Contextual cueing, Low arousal theory, Self-image, James-Lange theory, Relational-cultural therapy, Purposive behaviorism, Ingroup, Positivity effect, Release from proactive interference, Associationism, Personal unconscious, Script theory, Power Law of Practice, Postcognitivism, High probability instruction, Field theory, Picture superiority effect, Transduction, Geneticism, Emotionalism, Gestalt qualities. Excerpt: Resilience in psychology is the positive capacity of people to cope with stress and adversity. This coping may result in the individual "bouncing back" to a previous state of normal functioning, or using the experience of exposure to adversity to produce a "steeling effect" and function better than expected (much like an inoculation gives one the capacity to cope well with future exposure to disease). Resilience is most commonly understood as a process, and not a trait of an individual. Recently there has also been evidence that resilience can indicate a capacity to resist a sharp decline in functioning even though a person temporarily appears to get worse. A child, for example, may do poorly during critical life transitions (like entering junior high) but experience problems that are less severe than would be expected given the many risks the child faces. There is also controversy about the indicators of good psychological and social development when resilience is studied across different cultures and contexts. The American Psychological Association's Task Force on Resilience and Strength in Black Children and Adolescents, for example, notes that there may be special skills that these young people and families have that help them cope, including the ability to resist racial prejudice. People who cope may also show "hidden resilience" when they don't conform with society's expectations for how someone is supposed to behave (in some contexts, aggression may be required to cope, or less emotional engagement may be protective in situations of abuse). In all these instances, resilience is best understood as a process. It is often mistakenly assumed to be a trait of...